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The Early chronology of Shakers is a list of important events beginning in 1774 when the Shakers emigrated from England the colonial America. ==Chronology== In 1774, Shakers emigrated from England to America and settled in New York.〔Edward D. Andrews, ''The People Called Shakers'' (1963), p. 13.〕 In 1778, the first new members were recorded as joining the community. In 1779, New Light Baptists held a spiritualistic revival in New Lebanon. They held daily meetings that included extraordinary spiritual phenomena, speaking in tongues, and visions.〔J.E.A. Smith, ''History of Pittsfield'', vol. 1 (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1869), 453.〕 Their religious fervor died down over the winter, but when they heard of Ann Lee's preaching in May 1780, many of those New Lights traveled to Niskayuna, some forty miles away, to meet her. In 1780, soon after the "Dark Day," Ann Lee opened her gospel to the public. Soon thereafter, she and several of her followers were arrested as British spies or sympathizers and jailed. The Shakers were, in fact, pacifists during and after the American War of Independence.〔Stein, ''The Shaker Experience in America'' pp. 13–14.〕 From 1781 to 1783, Ann Lee and some of her followers traveled on an extended missionary tour of New England, gathering converts and establishing a network of followers. In several localities, mobs attacked them, and the Shakers were whipped, beaten, and assaulted.〔There's a map of the tour in Stein, ''Shaker Experience in America'', pp. 20–21.〕 In 1784, Ann Lee died at Watervliet, New York, perhaps due to the after-effects of the assaults during her missionary tour. One of the first Elders, James Whittaker, took over leadership of the society. In 1787, James Whittaker died and Joseph Meacham became the first Elder.〔Andrews, ''People Called Shakers'', chapter 3.〕 Meacham began "gathering into order," bringing scattered Believers together and organizing them into communal families.〔Andrews, ''People Called Shakers'', p. 290.〕 The first community is organized by Meacham at Mount Lebanon, called New Lebanon until 1861. In 1788, Joseph Meacham brought Lucy Wright into the New Lebanon Ministry to serve with him. Together they gathered Shakers "into order" in their own communities, established the administrative structure that would promote equality of the sexes, and began building the villages that would become the Shakers' most visible sign of success. In 1790, Shaker enclaves were organized at Hancock, Massachusetts, and Enfield, Connecticut; in 1792, Canterbury, New Hampshire and Tyringham, Massachusetts followed suit; 1793, Alfred, Maine, Enfield, New Hampshire, Harvard and Shirley, Massachusetts; 1794, New Gloucester (Sabbathday Lake), Maine.〔 In 1796, Joseph Meacham died. Lucy Wright remained at the head of the Ministry until her death in 1821. By 1800, the Watervliet community totaled 87 members. From 1802 to 1805, Lucy Wright sent Shaker missionaries to proselytize in Vermont, New York, Ohio, and Kentucky. As a result, Shakers established several new colonies (see below). In 1810, the West Union community was organized at Busro, Indiana (but was abandoned in 1827).〔Andrews, ''People Called Shakers'', p. 290-91.〕 In 1821, soon after Lucy Wright died, the Shakers codified their rules for the first time as the Millennial Laws of 1821.〔Theodore E. Johnson, ed., “The Millennial Laws of 1821,” ''Shaker Quarterly'' 7.2 (1967): 35–58.〕 In 1826, another Shaker group was organized at Groveland Shaker Village, Groveland, New York.〔Andrews, ''People Called Shakers'', p. 291.〕 The Sodus Bay Shaker Tract was established in 1833 and existed until 1844.〔''See also:'' 〕 In 1837, the Shaker Era of Manifestations began at Watervliet, New York (see below). After 1850 the Shakers lost their momentum and added only occasional new members - sometimes orphans left in their care.〔Stein, ''The Shaker Experience in America'' p. 198.〕 In 1871, they started publishing a monthly magazine called ''The Shaker'' (later, ''Shaker and Shakeress,'' and ''Shaker Manifesto''.)〔The Shakers' monthly magazine, 1871–1899, also known as (''The Shaker Manifesto'' ) is available online through Hamilton College Library Digital Collections.〕 In 1888, the Shakers amended their Millennial Laws for the fourth time; this version remains in effect.〔Stephen J. Paterwic, ''Historical Dictionary of the Shakers'' (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2008).〕 From 1889 to 1932, dwindling membership led to the closing of eleven Shaker villages and consolidation of members at the remaining sites.〔Andrews, ''People Called Shakers'', pp. 290–91.〕 In 1905, the Mount Lebanon Shakers hosted a Peace Convention.〔Stein, ''Shaker Experience in America'', pp. 316–17.〕 In 1947, the last seven remaining Mount Lebanon Shakers left the North Family and moved into nearby Hancock Shaker Village and retirement homes. Currently, there are three active Shakers living and working at Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village in New Gloucester, Maine. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Early chronology of Shakers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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